Cell Therapy

Cell therapies made from healthy donors in advance, so patients do not have to wait for their own cells to be engineered.

Making cell therapies from a healthy donor or stem-cell line in advance, so patients get an off-the-shelf product instead of waiting weeks.

Replacing a patient's blood system with a donor's, so the donor's immune cells hunt down any leukaemia left behind. Still the only cure for many high-risk leukaemias.

Apheresis is collecting a patient's white blood cells through a machine over several hours. Every autologous CAR-T begins here, and the quality of these cells shapes the final product.

Upgraded CAR-T cells that also secrete immune boosters, resist exhaustion, or only fire when two signals are present.

Collect the patient's own blood-forming stem cells, give a very high dose of chemotherapy that would otherwise destroy the marrow, then give the cells back to rebuild it.

Putting the cancer-seeking receptor on natural killer cells or macrophages instead of T cells, which could be safer and off-the-shelf.

Instead of attacking the cancer cell, engineering T cells to strip away the scaffolding and the suppressive immune cells that protect it.

A patient's T cells are removed, given a synthetic receptor that recognises the cancer, multiplied, and put back as a living drug.

Engineered immune cells delivered directly into the brain or spinal fluid. Some children with an incurable brainstem tumour have had striking, if temporary, responses.

Scheduling and tracking software that makes sure each patient's cells come back to that patient, on time.

The quality checks a CAR-T batch must pass before it can be given: sterile, correct identity, enough live CAR-positive cells, and no replicating virus.

Sealed, robot-run machines that turn a patient's blood cells into a CAR-T product with far fewer hands, clean rooms, and mistakes.

Freezing cells at minus 150 degrees and shipping them in liquid-nitrogen 'dry shippers' with tracking, so a living drug arrives alive and matched to the right patient.

Instead of engineering T cells in a factory, an injection reprograms them inside the patient's body.

Cells or drugs that fire only when two conditions are true at once, so healthy tissue expressing just one of them is spared.

Plasmid DNA and mRNA raw materials are the DNA templates and enzymes behind viral vectors and mRNA vaccines. They are invisible to patients but decisive for supply.

Making CAR-T cells at or near the hospital instead of shipping cells to a central factory and back.

Two rounds of very high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue, back to back, used in high-risk neuroblastoma in North America.

T cells engineered with a receptor that sees fragments of proteins inside the cancer cell, reaching targets CAR-T cannot.

Immune cells that have already found their way into the tumour are harvested, grown to billions, and returned.

Producing the engineered viruses that carry a CAR gene into T cells. Viral vector manufacturing is a long-standing bottleneck for cell and gene therapy.