Apheresis (leukapheresis)
Running a patient's blood through a machine that skims off one type of cell (T cells, or stem cells) and returns the rest; the harvested cells become the raw material for CAR-T or a transplant.
For CAR-T, leukapheresis collects the patient's lymphocytes over 3-4 hours, which are shipped to a manufacturing site; heavy prior chemotherapy or a low lymphocyte count can make the product fail. For autologous transplant, stem cells are mobilised from the marrow into blood with G-CSF (plus plerixafor if needed) and collected the same way, then cryopreserved. Slot availability and vein-to-vein time depend on apheresis capacity, a real bottleneck in cell therapy.
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