Stenting (biliary, oesophageal, airway)
Placing a small mesh or plastic tube to hold open a duct or passage that a tumour is squeezing shut, relieving jaundice, swallowing difficulty or breathlessness.
Biliary stents placed by ERCP (or percutaneously) relieve obstructive jaundice from pancreatic and bile duct cancers so that chemotherapy can be given; metal stents stay open longer than plastic. Self-expanding oesophageal stents restore swallowing in advanced oesophageal cancer within a day, airway stents relieve central obstruction, and ureteric stents or nephrostomy protect kidneys. Stents palliate rather than treat the tumour, and can migrate or block, so they are one option alongside brachytherapy and radiotherapy.
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