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Radioiodine-refractory (RAI-R) thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer that no longer takes up radioactive iodine, or keeps growing despite it. This is when kinase inhibitor pills come in.

Defined by absence of uptake on a diagnostic scan, progression within 12 months of treatment, or cumulative activity >22.2 GBq (600 mCi) without control. Affects ~5-15% of differentiated thyroid cancers, often with BRAF V600E or TERT promoter mutations. Median survival historically 3-5 years; lenvatinib, sorafenib, and genotype-directed drugs (RET, NTRK, BRAF) apply.

Clinical: what this kind of term is about · animated schematic, not to scale
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