Lumpectomy (breast-conserving surgery)
Removing only the tumour with a rim of normal breast, keeping the breast; almost always followed by radiotherapy.
Pioneered by Veronesi and Fisher, breast conservation plus whole-breast radiotherapy matches mastectomy for survival with better body image. Margins are checked by the pathologist ('no ink on tumour' suffices for invasive cancer); re-excision is needed in 10-20%. Hypofractionated (FAST-Forward, 5 fractions) and partial-breast radiotherapy have shortened the course. Neoadjuvant therapy can shrink tumours enough to convert mastectomy candidates to lumpectomy.
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